• Hyperventilation (emotions, pain, respiratory overventilation)
• Nasogastric drainage
• Prolonged vomiting
• Sodium bicarbonate overdose

• Diabetes
• Shock
• Renal failure
• Intestinal fistula
• Respiratory depression (drugs, CNS trauma)
• Pulmonary disease (pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respiratory underventilation)

• Primary respiratory acidosis
• Respiratory depression (drugs, CNS trauma)
• Pulmonary disease (pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respiratory underventilation)

• Primary respiratory alkalosis
• Hyperventilation (emotions, pain, respiratory overventilation)

• Oxygen poisoning

• Pneumonia
• Shock lung
• Congestive heart failure
• Congenital heart disease
• Significant atelectasis
• Pickwickian syndrome/Obesity-hypoventilation syndrome (OHS)

• Metabolic alkalosis
• Sodium bicarbonate overdose
• Prolonged vomiting
• Nasogastric drainage

• Metabolic acidosis
• Diabetes
• Shock
• Renal failure
• Intestinal fistula

• Metabolic alkalosis
• Compensation to prolonged respiratory acidosis

• Metabolic acidosis (e.g. lactic acidosis)

• Dyspnea
• Headache
• Irritability
• Disturbed judgement
• Memory loss
• Confusion
• Weakness
• Dimmness of vision
• Fainting
• Ataxia
• Coma
• Death

• Chronic renal failure (e.g. nephritis, nephrosis)
• Malignant diseases
• Inflammatory diseases (e.g. temporal arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), rheumatic fever, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Necrotic diseases (e.g. acute myocardia infarction, necrotic tumor, gangrene of an extremity)
• Diseases associated with increased protein levels (e.g. hyperfibrinogenemia, macroglobulinemia)
• Severe anemias (e.g. iron deficiency or Vitamin B12 deficiency)

• Sickle cell disease
• Spherocytosis
• Hypofibrinogenemia
• Polycythemia vera

• Erythrocytosis
• Congenital/cyanotic heart disease
• Polycythemia vera
• Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Severe dehydration (e.g. severe diarrhea, burns)

• Anemia
• Hemoglobinopathy
• Cirrhosis (due to chronic fluid overload)
• Hemolytic anemia (e.g. erythroblastosis fetalis, hemoglobinopathies, drug-induced hemolytic anemias, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria)
• Hemorrhage
• Dietary deficiency (e.g. iron)
• Bone marrow failure
• Prosthetic valves
• Renal disease (reduced erythropoietin)
• Normal pregnancy (due to increased blood volume)
• Rheumatoid/collagen-vascular diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, lupus due to decreased production of RBCs)
• Lymphoma
• Multiple myeloma
• Leukemia
• Hodgkin disease (due to bone marrow failure)

• Erythrocytosis
• Congenital/cyanotic heart disease
• Polycythemia vera
• Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Severe dehydration (e.g. severe diarrhea, burns)

• Anemia
• Hemoglobinopathy
• Cirrhosis (due to chronic fluid overload)
• Hemolytic anemia (e.g. erythroblastosis fetalis, hemoglobinopathies, drug-induced hemolytic anemias, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria)
• Hemorrhage
• Dietary deficiency (e.g. iron)
• Bone marrow failure
• Prosthetic valves
• Renal disease (reduced erythropoietin)
• Normal pregnancy (due to increased blood volume)
• Rheumatoid/collagen-vascular diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, lupus due to decreased production of RBCs)
• Lymphoma
• Multiple myeloma
• Neoplasia
• Leukemia
• Hodgkin disease (due to bone marrow failure)
• Splenomegaly

• Macrocytic anemias

• Microcytic anemia
• Hypochromic anemia

• Spherocytosis
• Intravascular hemolysis
• Cold agglutinins (a misperception by automated analyzer of increased MCV and decreased hematocrit)

• Iron-deficiency anemia
• Thalassemia

• Pernicious anemia (Vitamin B12 deficiency)
• Folate deficiency
• Antimetabolite therapy
• Alcoholism
• Chronic liver disease

• Iron-deficiency anemia
• Thalassemia
• Anemia of chronic disease

• Valvular heart disease
• Immune thrombocytopenia (e.g. idiopathic thrombocytopenia, neonatal, posttransfusion, or drug induced-thrombocytopenia)
• Massive hemorrhage
• Vitamin B12 deficiency
• Folate deficiency
• Myelogenous leukemia

• Aplastic anemia
• Chemotherapty-induced myelosuppression
• Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (eczema, immune deficiency, thrombocytopenia, and small platelets)

• Malignant disorders (leukemia, lymphoma, solid tumors such as of the colon)
• Polycythemia vera
• Postsplenectomy syndrome
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Iron-deficiency anemia
• Posthemorrhagic anemias

• Hypersplenism
• Hemorrhage
• HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count)
• Immune thrombocytopenia
• Leukemia and other myelofibrosis disorders
• Thrombotic thrombocytopenia
• Graves' disease
• Inherited disorders (e.g. Wiskott-Aldrich, Bernard-Soulier, Zieve syndromes)
• DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
• Pernicious anemia
• Hemolytic anemia
• Cancer chemotherapy
• Infection

• Erythrocytosis
• Congenital heart disease
• Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Polycythemia vera
• Severe dehydration (e.g. severe diarrhea or burns)
• Hemoglobinopathies
• Thalassemia trait (due to reduced oxygen carrying capacity of each RBC)

• Anemia
• Hemoglobinopathy
• Cirrhosis
• Hemolytic anemia
• Hemorrhage
• Dietary deficiency
• Bone marrow failure
• Prosthetic valves
• Renal disease
• Normal pregnancy
• Rheumatoid/collagen-vascular diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, sarcoidosis)
• Lymphoma
• Multiple myeloma
• Leukemia
• Hodgkin disease

• Iron-deficiency anemia
• Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia
• Folate-deficiency anemia
• Hemoglobinopathies (e.g. sickle cell disease or protein C disease)
• Hemolytic anemias
• Posthemorrhagic anemias

• n/a

• Hemolytic anemia
• Hemorrhage (3 to 4 days later)
• Hemolytic disease of the newborn
• Treatment for anemia (e.g. iron, B12 or folate)

• Pernicious anemia
• Folate deficiency
• Iron-deficiency anemia
• Aplastic anemia
• Radiation therapy
• Malignancy
• Marrow failure
• Adrenocortical hypofunction
• Anterior pituitary hypofunction
• Chronic diseases

• Infection
• Leukemic neoplasia
• Other (non-bone marrow) malignancy
• Trauma, stress or hemorrhage
• Tissue necrosis
• Inflammation
• Dehydration
• Thyroid storm
• Pregnancy
• Steroid use

• Drug toxicity
• Bone marrow failure
• Overwhelming infections
• Dietary deficiency (e.g. vitamin B12, iron)
• Congential bone marrow aplasia
• Bone marrow infiltration (e.g. myelofibrosis)
• Autoimmune disease
• Hypersplenism

• Physical or emotional stress
• Acute suppurative infection
• Myelocytic leukemia
• Trauma
• Cushing's syndrome
• Inflammatory disorders (e.g. rheumatic fever, thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis)
• Metabolic disorders (e.g. ketoacidosis, gout, eclampsia)

• Aplastic anemia
• Dietary deficiency
• Overwhelming bacterial infection (especially in older adults)
• Viral infections (e.g. hepatitis, influenza, measles)
• Radiation therapy
• Addison's disease
• Drug therapy: myelotoxic drugs (as in chemotherapy)

• Myeloproliferative disease (e.g. myelofibrosis, polycythemia rubra vera)
• Leukemia

• Acute allergic reactions
• Hyperthyroidism
• Stress reactions

• Parasitic infections
• Allergic reactions
• Eczema
• Leukemia
• Autoimmune diseases

• Increased adrenosteroid production

• Chronic bacterial infection
• Viral infection (e.g. mumps, rubella)
• Lymphocytic leukemia
• Multiple myeloma
• Infectious mononucleosis
• Radiation
• Infectious hepatitis

• Leukemia
• Sepsis
• Immunodeficiency diseases
• Lupus erythematosus
• Later stages of human immunodeficiency virus infection
• Drug therapy: adrenocorticosteroids, antineoplastics
• Radiation therapy

• Chronic inflammatory disorders
• Viral infections (e.g. infectious mononucleosis)
• Tuberculosis
• Chronic ulcerative colitis
• Parasites (e.g. malaria)

• Aplastic anemia
• Hairy cell leukemia
• Drug therapy: prednisone

• von Willebrand disease (vWD)
• Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (HP IIb/IIIa deficiency)
• Bernard-Soulier syndrome (GP1blX-X deficiency)
• Connective-tissue diseases (Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT))
• Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
• Vitamin C deficiency
• Alcohol intoxication
• Uremia
• Liver failure
• Leukemias
• Myelodysplastic syndrome
• Amyloidosis
• Thrombocytopenia
• Platelet Function Inhibiting Medications (e.g. aspirin, clopidogrel, ticagrelor, etc.)
• Coagulation factor inhibiting medications (e.g. warfarin, rivaroxaban, apixaban, dabigatran, etc.)

• n/a

• Congenital clotting factor deficiencies (e.g. von Willebrand's disease, hemophilia, hypofibrinogenemia)
• Cirrhosis of liver
• Vitamin K deficiency
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
• Heparin administration
• Coumarin administration

• Early stages of Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
• Extensive cancer (e.g. ovarian, pancreatic, colon)

and

International Normalized Ratio (INR)

• Liver disease (e.g. cirrhosis, hepatitis)
• Hereditary factor deficiency
• Vitamin K deficiency
• Bile duct obstruction (due to decreased absorption of Vitamin K)
• Coumadin ingestion
• Diseminated intravascular coagulation
• Massive blood transfusion
• Salicylate intoxication

• n/a

• Hemochromatosis
• Hemosiderosis
• Megaloblastic anemia
• Hemolytic anemia
• Alcoholic/inflammatory hepatocellular disease
• Inflammatory disease
• Advanced cancers
• Chronic illnesses such as leukemias, cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, or collagen-vascular diseases

• Iron-deficiency anemia
• Severe protein deficiency
• Hemodialysis

• Hemosiderosis or hemochromatosis
• Iron poisoning
• Hemolytic anemia
• Massive blood transfusions
• Hepatitis or hepatic necrosis
• Lead toxicity

• Insufficient dietary iron
• Chronic blood loss (ateriovenous malformation, diverticulosis, gastrointestinal cancer, hemangioma, inflammatory bowel disease, irregular menses, urologic tract cancer, uterine cancer)
• Inadequate intestinal absorption of iron (e.g. malabsorption, short-bowel syndrome)
• Pregnancy (late)
• Iron-deficiency anemia
• Neoplasia

Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)

or

Transferrin level

• Estrogen therapy
• Pregnancy (late)
• Polycythemia vera
• Iron-deficiency anemia

• Malnutrition
• Hypoproteinemia
• Inflammatory diseases
• Cirrhosis

• Hemochromatosis or hemosiderosis
• Increased iron intake (oral or parenteral)
• Hemolytic anemias

• Iron-deficiency anemia
• Chronic illnesses (e.g. malignancy, other chronic diseases)

Increased

• Chronic thyroiditis (Hashimoto thyroiditis)
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Rheumatoid-collagen disease
• Pernicious anemia
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Hypothyroidism
• Thyroid carcinoma
• Myxedema

• n/a

• Primary hypothyroidism
• Thyroiditis
• Thyroid agenesis
• Congenital cretinism
• Large doses of iodone
• Radioactive iodine injection
• Surgical ablation of thyroid
• Severe and chronic illnesses
• Pituitary TSH-secreting tumor

• Secondary hypothyroidism (pituitary or hypothalamus dysfunction)
• Hyperthyroidism
• Suppressive doses of thyroid medication
• Factitious hyperthyroidism

• Primary hyperthyroid states (e.g. Grave's disease, Plummer disease, toxic thyroid adenoma)
• Acute thyroiditis
• Factitious hyperthyroidism
• Struma ovarii

• Hypothyroid states (e.g. cretinism, surgical ablation, myxedema)
• Pituitary insufficiency
• Hypothalamic failure
• Iodine insufficiency
• Nonthyroid illness (e.g. renal failure, Cushing's disease, cirrhosis, surgery, advanced cancer)

• Primary hyperthyroid states (e.g. Grave's disease, Plummer disease, toxic thyroid adenoma)
• Acute thyroiditis
• Factitious hyperthyroidism
• Struma ovarii
• TBG increase (as occurs in pregnancy, hepatitis, congenital hyperproteinemia)

• Hypothyroid states (e.g. cretinism, surgical ablation, myxedema)
• Pituitary insufficiency
• Hypothalamic failure
• Protein malnutrition and other protein-depleted states (e.g. nephrotic syndrome)
• Iodine insufficiency
• Nonthyroid illnesses (e.g. renal failure, Cushing's disease, cirrhosis, surgery, advanced cancer)
• Hepatic diseases

• Addison's disease (primary adrenal insufficiency)
• Adrenogenital syndrome (congenital adrenal hyperplasia)
• Cushing's disease (pituitary-dependent adrenal hyperplasia)
• Ectopic ACTH syndrome
• Stress

• Secondary adrenal insufficiency (pituitary insufficiency)
• Hypopituitarism
• Adrenal adenoma or carcinoma
• Cushing's syndrome
• Exogenous steroid administration

• Dehydration

• Malnutrition
• Pregnancy
• Liver disease (e.g. hepatitis, extensive metastatic tumor, cirrhosis, hepatocellular necrosis)
• Protein-losing enteropathies (e.g. malabsorption syndromes such as Crohn's disease, sprue, Whipple's disease)
• Protein-losing nephropathies (e.g. nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis)
• Third-space losses (e.g. ascites, third-degree burns)
• Overhydration
• Increased capillary permeability (e.g. collagen-vascular diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus)
• Inflammatory disease
• Familial idiopathic dysproteinemia

• Aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma (Conn's disease)
• Adrenal cortical nodular hyperplasia
• Bartter syndrome (renal wasting of potassium associated with poor sodium tubule absorption)
• Hyponatremia
• Hyperkalemia
• Diuretic ingestion resulting in hypovolemia and hyponatremia
• Laxative abuse
• Stress
• Malignant hypertension
• Poor perfusion states (e.g. congestive heart failure)
• Decreased intravascular volume (e.g. cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome)
• Renal arterial stenosis
• Pregnancy and oral contraceptives
• Hypovlemia or hemorrhage
• Cushing's disease

• Renin deficiency
• Steroid therapy
• Addison's disease
• Patients on a high-sodium diet
• Hypernatremia
• Aldosterone-inhibiting antihypertensive therapy
• Aldosterone deficiency
• Toxemia of pregnancy

• Primary cirrhosis
• Intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary obstruction
• Primary or metastatic liver tumor
• Metastatic tumor to the bone
• Healing fracture
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Osteomalacia
• Paget's disease
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Rickets
• Intestinal ischemia or infarction
• Myocardial infarction
• Sarcoidosis

• Hypophosphatemia
• Hypophosphatasia
• Malnutrition
• Milk-alkali syndrome
• Pernicious anemia
• Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency)

• Hepatitis
• Hepatic necrosis
• Hepatic ischemia
• Cirrhosis
• Hepatic tumor
• Hepatotoxic drugs
• Obstructive jaundice
• Severe burns
• Trauma to striated muscle
• Myositis
• Pancreatitis
• Myocardial infarction
• Infectious mononucleosis
• Shock

• n/a

• Hepatitis
• Hepatic cirrhosis
• Drug-induced liver injury
• Hepatic metastasis
• Hepatic necrosis 
• Hepatic surgery
• Infectious mononucleosis with hepatitis
• Hepatic infiltrative process
• Skeletal muscle trauma
• Recent noncardiac surgery
• Multiple traumas
• Severe, deep burns
• Progressive musclular dystrophy
• Recent convulsions
• Heat stroke
• Primary muscle diseases (e.g. myopathy, myositis)
• Acute hemolytic anemia
• Acute pancreatitis

• Acute renal disease
• Beriberi
• Diabetic ketoacidosis
• Pregnancy
• Chronic renal dialysis

• Liver diseases (e.g. hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatic necrosis, hepatic tumor or metastasis, hepatotoxic drugs, cholestasis, jaundice)
• Myocardal infarction
• Alcohol ingestion
• Pancreatic diseases (e.g. pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer)
• Epstein-Barr virus (infectious mononucleosis)
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
• Reye syndrome

• n/a

• Primary hepatocellular disease
• Reye syndrome
• Asparagine intoxication
• Portal hypertension
• Severe heart failure with congestive hepatomegaly
• Hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis)
• Gastrointestinal bleeding with mild liver disease
• Gastrointestinal obstruction with mild liver disease
• Hepatic encephalopathy and hepatic coma
• Genetic metabolic disorder or urea cycle

• Essential or malignant hypertension
• Hyperornithinemia

• Acute pancreatitis
• Chronic relapsing pancreatitis
• Peptic ulcer disease penetrating into the pancreas
• Gastrointestinal disease (with necrotic bowel, perforated bowel, or duodenal obstruction amylase leaks into peritoneal cavity and is absorbed via blood and lymphatics)
• Acute cholecystitis
• Parotitis(mumps)
• Ruptured ectopic pregnancy
• Renal failure
• Diabetic ketoacidosis
• Pulmonary infarction
• After endoscopic retrograde pancreatography

• n/a

• Lactic acidosis
• Diabetic ketoacidosis
• Alcoholic ketoacidosis
• Alcohol intoxication
• Starvation
• Renal failure
• Increased gastrointestinal losses of bicarbonate (e.g. diarrhea or fistulae)
• Hypoaldosteronism

• Excess alkali ingestion
• Multiple myeloma
• Chronic vomiting or gastric suction
• Hyperaldosteronism
• Hypoproteinemia
• Lithium toxicity

• Severe vomiting
• High-volume gastric suction
• Aldosteronism
• Use of mercurial diuretics
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Metabolic alkalosis

• Chronic diarrhea
• Chronic use of loop diuretics
• Renal failure
• Diabetic ketoacidosis
• Starvation
• Metabolic acidosis
• Shock

• Gallstones
• Extrahepatic duct obstruction (tumor, inflammation, gallstone, scarring, surgical trauma)
• Extensive liver metastasis
• Cholestasis from drugs
• Dubin-Johnson syndrome
• Rotor syndrome

• n/a

• Erythroblastosis fetalis
• Transfusion reaction
• Sickle cell anemia
• Hemolytic jaundice
• Hemolytic anemia
• Pernicious anemia
• Large-volume blood transfusion
• Resolution of large hematoma
• Hepatitis
• Cirrhosis
• Sepsis
• Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia
• Crigler-Najjar syndrome
• Gilbert syndrome

• n/a

• Congestive heart failure
• Myocardial infarction
• Systemic hypertension
• Heart transplant rejection
• Cor pulmonale

• n/a

• Insulinoma
• Pancreas transplant
• Renal failure
• Administration of oral hypoglycemic agents

• Factitious hypoglycemia
• Diabetes mellitus
• Total pancreatectomy

• Acute, noninfectious inflammatory reactions (e.g. arthritis, acute rheumatic fever, Reiter's syndrome, Crohn's disease)
• Collagen-vascular diseases (e.g. vasculitis syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus)
• Tissue infarction or damage (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary infarction, kidney or bone marrow transplantation rejection, soft-tissue trauma)
• Bacterial infections such as postoperative wound infection, urinary tract infection or tuberculosis
• Malignant disease
• Bacterial infection (e.g. tuberculosis, meningitis
• Increased risk for cardiovascular ischemic events

• n/a

• Hyperparathyroidism
• Nonparathyroid PTH-producing tumor (e.g. PTHrP from lung or renal carcinoma)
• Metastatic tumor to bone
• Prolonged immobilization
• Milk-alkali syndrome
• Witamin D intoxication
• Lymphoma
• Granulomatous infections such as sarcoidosis and tuberculosis
• Addison's disease
• Acromegaly
• Hyperthyroidism

• Hypoparathyroidism
• Renal failure
• Hyperphosphatemia secondary to renal failure
• Rickets
• Vitamin D deficiency
• Osteomalacia
• Hypoalbuminemia
• Malabsorption
• Pancreatitis
• Fat embolism
• Alkalosis

• Ovarian cancer
• Pancreatic cancer
• Colon cancer
• Lung cancer
• Peritoneal carcinomatosis
• Cancer of the nonovarian female genital tract
• Breast cancer
• Lymphoma
• Cirrhosis
• Peritonitis
• Pregnancy
• Endometriosis
• Pancreatitis
• Pelvic inflammatory disease

• n/a

• Pancreatic carcinoma
• Cholecystitis
• Colorectal cancer
• Hepatobiliary carcinoma
• Cirrhosis
• Gallstones
• Pancreatitis
• Gastric cancer
• Lung cancer
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Rheumatoid diseases

• n/a

• Supratherapeutic dosing

• n/a

• Cancer (GI, breast, lung, pancreatic, hepatobiliary)
• Inflammation (colitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, diverticulitis)
• Cirrhosis
• Crohn's disease
• Peptic ulcer

• n/a

• Dehydration
• Excessive infusion of normal saline solution
• Metabolic acidosis
• Renal tubular acidosis
• Cushing's syndrome
• Kidney dysfunction
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Eclampsia
• Respitatory alkalosis

• Overhydration
• Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) (Chloride is diluted)
• Congestive heart failure (Chloride is retained with sodium then diluted with total body water)
• Vomiting or prolonged gastric suction
• Chronic diarrhea or high-output gastrointestinal fistula
• Chronic respiratory acidosis
• Metabolic alkalosis (Chloride is driven into cells to compensate for the bicarbonate leaving cells to buffer blood pH)
• Salt-losing nephritis
• Addison's disease
• Diuretic therapy
• Hypokalemia
• Aldosteronism (Chloride excretion is increased)
• Burns

• Cushing's disease
• Ectopic ACTH-producing tumors
• Stress
• Cushing's syndrome (adrenal adenoma or carcinoma)
• Hyperthyroidism
• Obesity

• Adrenal hyperplasia
• Addison's disease
• Hypopituitarism
• Hypothyroidism (normal cortisol levels are not required to maintain the reduced metabolic rate of hypothyroid patients)

• Electroconvulsive therapy
• Adenocarcinoma (especially breast and lung)
• Pulmonary infarction
• Disases that affect the central nervous system (e.g. brain injury, brain cancer, cerebrovascular accident, subarachnoid hemorrhage, seizures, shock, Reye syndrome)
• Acute myocardial infarction
• Cardiac aneurysm surgery
• Cardiac defibrillation
• Myocarditis
• Ventricular arrhythmias
• Cardiac ischemia
• Rhamdomyolysis
• Muscular dystrophy
• Myositis
• Recent surgery
• Electromyography
• Intramuscular injections
• Trauma
• Crush injuries
• Delirium tremens
• Malignant hyperthermia
• Recent convulsions
• Shock (anoxic injury to muscle)
• Hypokalemia
• Hypothyroidism

• n/a

• Glomerulonephritis
• Pyelonephritis
• Acute tubular necrosis
• Urinary tract obstruction
• Reduced renal blood flow (e.g. shock, dehydration, CHF, atherosclerosis)
• Diabetic nephropathy
• Nephritis
• Rhabdomyolysis
• Acromegaly
• Gigantism

• Debilitation
• Decreased muscle mass (e.g. muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis)

• DIC
• Primary fibrinolysis
• During thrombolytic or defibrination therapy
• Deep vein thrombosis
• Pulmonary embolism
• Arterial thromboembolism
• Sickle cell anemia with or without vasoocclusive crisis
• Pregnancy
• Malignancy
• Surgery

• n/a

• Exercise
• Pregnancy
• High cardiac output syndromes

• Renal artery atherosclerosis
• Glomerulonephritis
• Acute tubular necrosis
• Congestive heart failure
• Cirrhosis with ascites
• Shock
• Dehyration

• Alcohol intoxication or overdose

• n/a

• Pernicious anemia
• Vegetarianism
• Recent masive blood transfusion

• Malnutrition
• Malabsorption syndrome (e.g. celiac disease)
• Pregnancy
• Folic acid deficiency (megaloblastic) anemia
• Hemolytic anemia
• Malignancy
• Liver disease
• Chronic renal disease

• Excessive dietary intake
• Excessive intravenous intake
• Acute or chronic renal failure
• Addison's disease
• Hypoaldosteronism
• Potassium-sparing diuretics
• Crush injuries to tissues
• Hemolysis
• Transfusion of hemolyzed blood
• Infection (cell injury)
• Acidosis (proton exchange with cells)
• Dehydration (through volume concentration)

• Irritability, nausea, vomiting, intestinal colic, diarrhea
• Peaked T waves
• Wide QRS
• Depressed ST segment

• Deficient dietary intake
• Burns/trauma/surgery (can trigger secretion of aldosterone)
• Gastrointestinal disorders (e.g. diarrhea, vomiting)
• Diuretics
• Hyperaldosteronism
• Cushing's syndrome
• Renal tubular acidosis
• Licorice ingestion (aldosterone-like effect)
• Alkalosis (proton exchange with cells)
• Insulin administration (glucose and potassium are taken up by cells)
• Glucose administration
• Ascites (can trigger secretion of aldosterone)
• Renal artery stenosis (can trigger secretion of aldosterone)
• Cystic fibrosis

• Weakness
• Paralysis
• Hyporeflexia
• Ileus
• Arrhythmias
• Flattened T waves
• Prominent U waves
• Increased sensitivity to digitalis-like drugs (increased arrythmia risk)

• Gallstones
• Extrahepatic duct obstruction (tumor, inflammation, gallstone, scarring, surgical trauma)
• Extensive liver metastasis
• Cholestasis from drugs
• Dubin-Johnson syndrome
• Rotor syndrome

• n/a