Stage A

• high risk for heart failure, but without structural heart disease or symptoms
• risk factors include: DM, HTN, exposure to cardiotoxic drugs

 

Stage B

• structural heart disease, but without signs or symptoms of heart failure
• e.g. patient with
  • prior MI
  • valvular heart disease with left ventricular enlargement or low EF (left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD))

 

Stage C

• structural heart disease with prior or current symptoms of heart failure

 

Stage D

• heart failure symptoms at rest or refractory end-stage heart failure

Content on this page has not been checked for accuracy. The author's credentials have not been confirmed. Always use multiple peer-reviewed scholarly sources and good clinical judgement in your decision making.

The Compendium platform was created by David Kwinter, MD, CCFP(EM).